• State examples how these theories are applied on health care setting. TABLE 3-1 Operant Conditioning Model: Contingencies to Increase and Decrease the Probability of an Organism’s Response. The purpose of punishment is not to do harm or to serve as a release for anger; rather, the goal is to decrease a specific behavior and to instill self-discipline. Behaviorist, cogni- tive, and social learning theories are most often applied to patient education as an aspect of pro- fessional nursing practice. One of the best theory-to-practice projects I worked on was to create a set of guiding principles based on adult learning theory. Learning Theories (Bigge & Shermis, 1992; higard and bower, 1996; Hill, 1990) is a coherent framework and set of integrated. As the various cognitive perspectives are briefly summarized here, readers are encouraged to think of their potential applications in the healthcare setting. In the clinical setting, the families of patients with chronic back pain have been taught to minimize their attention to the patients whenever they complain and behave in dependent, helpless ways, but to pay a lot of attention when the patients attempt to function independently, express a positive attitude, and try to live as normal a life as possible. To counteract this omission, the effects of social factors on perception, thought, and motivation are receiving increased attention. Education requires assessing how a learner attends to, processes, and stores the information that is presented as well as finding ways to encourage the retention and retrieval processes. While reviewing each theory, readers are asked to consider the following questions: How do the environment and the internal dynamics of the individual influence learning? Not every client, for example, finds health practitioners’ terms of endearment rewarding. Constructivist Theory. Behaviorist, cognitive, and social learning theories are most often applied to patient education as an aspect of professional nursing practice. His observations of children’s perceptions and thought processes at different ages have contributed much to our recognition of the unique, changing abilities of youngsters to reason, conceptualize, communicate, and perform (, Proponents of the cognitive development perspective evidence some differences in their views that are worth considering by nurse educators. To increase the probability of a response: Positive reinforcement: application of a pleasant stimulus, Reward conditioning: a pleasant stimulus is applied following an organism’s response, Negative reinforcement: removal of an aversive or unpleasant stimulus, Escape conditioning: as an aversive stimulus is applied, the organism makes a response that causes the unpleasant stimulus to cease, Avoidance conditioning: an aversive stimulus is anticipated by the organism, which makes a response to avoid the unpleasant event. Another central gestalt principle that has several ramifications is the notion that perception is selective. One of the cardinal rules of operant conditioning is to “punish the behavior, not the person.” In the preceding example, the instructor must make it clear that she is punishing the student for being late and disrupting class rather than convey that she does not like the student. According to Huczynski and Buchanan (2007), Leadership is defined as "the process of influencing the activities of an organised group in its effort towards goal setting and goal achievement." You can filter on reading intentions from the list, as well as view them within your profile.. Read the guide × This module will enable health care practitioners to gain the necessary knowledge and skills to provide sound educational experiences for learners in a clinical environment. Getting behavior to transfer from the initial learning situation to other settings is largely a matter of practice (strengthening habits). First, the basic psychological principles of learning advocated by behaviorist, cognitive, social learning, psychodynamic, and humanistic theories are summarized and illustrated with examples from psychology and healthcare research. Flashcards. Is the learner viewed as relatively passive or more active? Thus, if a client is not attending to what a nurse educator is saying, perhaps because the client is weary or distracted, it would be prudent for the educator to try the explanation at another time when the client is more receptive and attentive. Shipley RH. Health care management is a growing field. The second step comprises the retention phase, which involves the storage and retrieval of what was observed. I will explore a clear definition of the theory and present the main concepts. After this initial visit and later repeated visits, hospitals (now the CS) may become associated with feeling anxious and nauseated (CR), especially if the visitor smells odors similar to those encountered during the first experience (see. Learning Theory Applied to Health Care The purpose of this paper is to discuss a learning theory with application to a teaching-learning situation in health care. In addition to influencing the acquisition of new responses to environmental stimuli, principles of respondent conditioning may be used to extinguish a previously learned response. HEALTH EDUCATION Applying Learning Theories to Healthcare Practice LEARNING Learning: a relatively permanent change in mental processing, emotional functioning, and behavior as a result of experience Learning Theory: a coherent framework of integrated constructs and principles that describe, explain, or predict how people learn Differentiate among the basic approaches to learning for each of the five psychological learning theories. Parent education practice should draw upon evidence-based 'learning theories' to help parents learn and understand the 'what, why, how and when' of required care [3,4]. Although social learning theory is based partially on behaviorist principles, the self-regulation and control that the individual exerts in the process of acquiring knowledge and changing behavior are considered more critical and are more reflective of cognitive principles. Then, the psychological learning theories are compared with regard to the following aspects: Their fundamental procedures for changing behavior, The role of the educator in encouraging learning, The ways in which learning is transferred to new situations and problems. How can philosophical beliefs be congruent throughout the curriculum? The information-processing perspective is particularly helpful for assessing problems in acquiring, remembering, and recalling information. What is the educator’s task in the learning process? Too often the desired response is conformity and cooperation to make someone’s job easier or more profitable. Punishment must also be consistent and at the highest reasonable level (e.g., nurses who apologize and smile as they admonish the behavior of a staff member or client are sending mixed messages and are not likely to be taken seriously or to decrease the behavior they intend). Constructivists see the learner as a constructor of knowledge. (2) Which kinds of experiences facilitate or hinder the learning process? Learning. 27 Within the humanistic learning theories, … For operant conditioning to be effective, it is necessary to assess which kinds of reinforcement are likely to increase or decrease behaviors for each individual. This problem may occur because the information has faded. Here it becomes important to consider the client’s preferred mode of sensory processing (visual, auditory, or motor manipulation) and to ascertain whether he or she has any sensory deficits. Learning is. Critically evaluate at least two leadership theories in the context of healthcare management. Cognitive theory is assumed to comprise a number of subtheories and is widely used in education and counseling. Heavily influenced by gestalt psychology. For example, study the bewildered faces of some patients listening to a complex, detailed explanation about their disease; what they actually desire most is a simple, clear explanation that settles their uncertainty and relates directly to them and their familiar experiences. Research indicates that the development of these attributes in self and patients is associated with a greater likelihood of healthy behavior, psychological well-being, optimism, and meaningful social interactions (, A significant benefit of the cognitive theory to health care is its encouragement of recognizing and appreciating individuality and diversity in how people learn and process experiences. Whether used singly or in combination, learning theories have much to offer the practice of health care. More important are learners’ goals and expectations, which create disequilibrium, imbalance, and tension that motivate learners to act. Whereas behaviorists generally ignore the internal dynamics of learning, cognitive learning theorists stress the importance of what goes on inside the learner. Created by. First, because no one can attend to all possible surrounding stimuli at any given time, individuals orient themselves to certain features of an experience while screening out or ignoring other features. While in the relative’s room, the visitor may smell offensive odors (UCS) and feel queasy and light-headed (UCR). Motivation is explained as the desire to reduce some drive (drive reduction); hence, satisfied, complacent, or satiated individuals have little motivation to learn and change. Which instructional strategies are most relevant for these particular learners? A principal assumption is that learning is a developmental, sequential, and active process that transpires as the child interacts with the environment, makes discoveries about how the world operates, and interprets these discoveries in keeping with what she knows (schema). Learn. Moreover, punishment should not be prolonged (bringing up old grievances or complaining about a misbehavior at every opportunity), but there should be a time-out following punishment to eliminate the opportunity for positive reinforcement. sm12pd. In the third stage of the memory process, the information is transformed and incorporated (encoded) briefly into short-term memory, after which it suffers one of two fates: The information is disregarded and forgotten, or it is stored in longterm memory. Educators trying to influence the learning process must recognize the variety of past experiences, perceptions, ways of incorporating and thinking about information, and diverse aspirations, expectations, and social influences that affect any learning situation. When applied to health care, cognitive theory has proved useful in formulating exercise programs. Behaviorism is “learning … that produce[s] a tangible outcome” (Mastrian, 2010, p. 76). While including the fundamentals of learning theories and teaching methods, Health Profes- sional as Educatoralso focuses on critical issues such as readiness to learn, learning styles, health literacy, and teaching people with disabilities, all based on the latest research and theoretical underpinnings. Every person operates on the basis of his or her unique representations and interpretations of a situation, all of which have been heavily influenced by that individual’s social and cultural experiences. The goals of this chapter are to provide a conceptual framework for subsequent chapters in this text and to offer a toolbox of approaches that nurses can use to enhance learning and change in patients, students, staff, and themselves. Fortunately, a body of theory exists that can inform practice. In addition, the major learning theories have wide applicability and form the foundation of not only the field of education, but also psychological counseling, workplace organization and human resources management, and marketing and advertising. Generally ignoring what goes on inside the individual—which, of course, is always difficult to ascertain—behaviorists closely observe responses and then manipulate the environment to bring about the intended change. b�-ֺ�R]CSn��؟ٵ��f�ĕ���춊�&Mt�\G�)���� ��>~b�t�Q� ���(��+s���6p�^��nȹw(jFC���qvW/8ff�B��q_|Z�5��P���m�Ц���@��i���%\�� �� A cognitive perspective that emphasizes thinking processes: thought, reasoning, the way information is encountered and stored, memory functioning, and information retrieved. Spell. A fourth shortcoming of behavior modification programs is that clients’ changed behavior may deteriorate over time, especially once they return to their former environment—an environment with a system of rewards and punishments that may have fostered their problems in the first place. 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