As of 2 years later, SSA had processed 5,629 benefit claims from 2,281 families, and was paying ongoing benefits to 3,228 survivors and 498 individuals disabled during the attacks (Szymendera 2005, 5). SSA dedicated 5,000 overtime hours per month to the effort (Astrue 2007). Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 1956. The training generally had two components. The Board also faced pressure from Congressmen to accept political appointments. In its Annual Report to Congress for FY 1981, SSA cited modernizing its data processing systems as its top priority. SSA did not receive money targeted for CDRs for several years (SSA 1987, 11; SSA 1995f; SSA 1995g). On January 2, 1974, SSA issued timely and correct SSI payments to 95 percent of the SSI recipients, but 5 percent did not get paid or were paid an incorrect amount. In the 1990s, SSA had identified the need to reexamine its entire disability process. 1950. (. OASIS special edition. The commission's final report in November 1995 contained several recommendations for strengthening the SSI childhood disability program, but no unanimity on whether the definition of disability should be changed. OASIS 23(1): 11–13. Testimony before the House Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Social Security. GAO/HRD-89-42. SSA developed not only an online application, but also a scannable paper application. The PSCs took over additional work from the overwhelmed BDI, assuming jurisdiction for disability claims and records for beneficiaries aged 62 or older. Extensive planning and preparation were required to identify eligible individuals and to recalculate their benefits; most recalculations were automated but many were done manually (SSA n.d. a). The idea behind this state-federal arrangement was to tie the receipt of cash disability benefits more closely to rehabilitation services, which were state functions. In addition, SSA set up a central office Systems Planning and Development Work Group with representatives from all SSA components to discuss SSI activities and to initiate systems development (SSA 1973b, 5; House Ways and Means Committee 1974, 38; SSA 1996b; SSA 1994a). 1995g. The machine read the amount represented by the punched holes and printed this amount on the ledger. This article deals largely with administering the Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program. In 2009, the average time to answer calls was just 245 seconds, and the average busy signal rate was down to 8 percent (Astrue 2009). ———. For its timely and exemplary performance the National 800 Number Network has received several awards, including the Federal Executive Board Award for Innovation in Public Service. Outreach efforts began in May 2005. Many of these systems and the telecommunications lines were plagued with problems, outmoded, or of insufficient capacity (SSA 1986, 16). Congress responded to the child disability determination controversy by passing new standards as part of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, commonly known as the "Welfare Reform" legislation. 1995c. 110-715. This period coincided with the 1936 presidential campaign, and the Board was concerned about the potential for misconception and hostility toward the program (Wyatt and Wandel 1937, 30–31). This project would be just the first of many SSA attempts to find ways of simplifying Social Security programs (SSA 1996e). SSA also underwent a major organizational change. SSA also set up pilot processing modules, one in the Office of Disability Operations in Woodlawn, Maryland, and the other in the Mid-Atlantic PSC in Philadelphia (SSA 1985a, 14). With this funding, SSA eliminated the CDR backlog for DI cases by the end of FY 2000 and for SSI cases by the end of FY 2002. In addition, voluntary coverage was offered to the 1.5 million people who worked for state and local governments but were not under retirement systems and to about 600,000 employees of nonprofit organizations (Cohen and Myers 1950). At the time, a hiring "apportionment" was in effect that required the Bureau to recruit a certain proportion of employees from each state. Central office teams were sent to three payment centers in September 1966 to observe operations and returned with suggested improvements (SSA n.d. a). Inspector General Statement on the Social Security Administration's major management challenges. Those arriving later were given a ticket or chit signifying priority status for the following day (SSA 1974b, 4; SSA 1975c, 35–36; Hensley 1994). In addition, the SS-5s were filmed on 16 millimeter, noninflammable film strips. In addition, following these hearings, SSA published its disability medical listings6 for the first time (SSA 2001b). In 1935, the Social Security Board, predecessor of the Social Security Administration (SSA), started to plan the implementation of the Social Security Act. The Supreme Court declared the Agricultural Adjustment Act unconstitutional on January 7, 1936, calling into question whether Social Security would survive a legal challenge and discouraging job applications. The SMI premium of $3 a month was to be deducted from the Social Security benefit check. OASIS 24(3): 29–30. Frequent amendments liberalizing the program posed additional administrative challenges (Christgau 1955, 16). By April 1940, 63 more field offices were opened, including some 1-person branch offices (today known as resident stations), bringing the total number of field offices to 460. On the homefront: SSA, like everyone else, contributed to the war effort in World War II. Eventually, 23 governors declared moratoria on processing CDRs in their states (SSA 1995g). On September 5, 2007, SSA announced issuance of a final regulation to extend Quick Disability Determination to all state DDSs. The agency also had to prepare and certify those who would be providing hospital and medical services covered under HI and SMI. Keeping abreast of the latest technology on a restricted budget has also been a problem. Social Security to fund $24 million in contracts for electronic medical records. The agency took several courses of action. In addition, beneficiaries can request a Medicare replacement card, a benefit verification letter, and a replacement Form 1099 using knowledge-based authentication. In August 1994, the Social Security Independence and Program Improvements Act established a National Commission on Childhood Disability to review the new SSI definition of childhood disability and related issues. Two follow-up mailings went out to nonrespondents. Senator Huey Long (D-LA) staged a filibuster on the closing day of the Senate session while the last deficiency appropriation bill, which included the Social Security item, was still pending. It has been repeatedly amended, expanded, and adapted since that point, particularly in 1965 ⦠1 In May 2009 SSA estimated that in fiscal year 2010, it would process an additional 20,000 retirement claims and 200,000 initial disability claims over the fiscal year 2009 levels (SSA 2009e, 11). At midyear, SSA directed DDSs to give top priority to this screening and to the preparation of medical determinations for the rollback cases involving DA&A. The Baltimore DAO officially opened on November 9, 1936, with 18 employees. 1978. SSA contracted with the American Psychiatric Association to help rewrite the mental health regulations. SSA has also begun testing the collection of electronic medical records from health care providers through the Nationwide Health Information Network (NHIN), a system sponsored by the Department of Health and Human Services and supported by several federal agencies. 1997. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/ssa/usa1964.html. Social Security Today Over the years, the Act was changed or "amended" in several ways, but the basic principals are still the same. ———. SSA is also developing a new occupational information system to replace the Dictionary of Occupational Titles, created by DOL. First meeting of the Social Security Board, September 14, 1935. 2009k. Meeting the challenges of Medicare drug benefit implementation (February 2). Social Security Administration 1992 annual report to the Congress. Each field office established "itinerant stations" (today called contact stations) in remote communities whose residents could not travel to the field office without difficulty. Nevertheless, the agency's primary challenges during the decade would continue to involve SSI and the disability process. Despite these pessimistic as⦠In late 1973, Congress became concerned by the hundreds of thousands of new adult welfare recipients that states and counties were adding to the rolls of those converting to SSI. 1967b. Administering monthly benefit payments brought the problem of how best to maintain payment records. ———. Staruch, George. The plan's goals were to reduce processing times, increase productivity, and provide better overall service to the public (Apfel 2000). In 2016, Social Security paid $911 billion in benefits to retired workers, disabled persons, and dependents of retired, disabled or deceased workers. In response, SSA Commissioner Robert Ball initiated a "program simplification" project in the Program Analysis Division. In addition, all 15,000 new claims filed since the August 1996 passage of the Welfare Reform changes in the law were to be reviewed again (SSA n.d. b). SSA is a survivor. A more recent natural disaster, Hurricane Katrina on August 29, 2005, also tested SSA's emergency response capabilities. On January 1, 1974, SSA began taking BL claims for DOL on a reimbursable basis (SSA 1974b, 1). Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/ritter6.html. Enacted in the throes of the Great Depression , it was a sweeping bill that generated an array of ⦠To make better use of callers' time while they waited to speak with an agent, SSA instituted "screen pop" and "screen splash" applications to collect data from callers and match the information to SSA records. SSA also doubled the number of cases reviewed (SSA 1983, 6–7; SSA n.d. b). 1974a. Before Zebley, SSA's allowance rate for children at the initial claim level was about 40 percent, somewhat higher than the adult rate. In addition, SSA asked tax preparers who deal with Earned Income Tax Credit filers to screen for LIS (McMahon 2006). Funds were also used to purchase additional computers, for video conferencing equipment for hearings, and to contract with additional medical providers and networks (Astrue 2009). Hiring for the Bureau of Old-Age Benefits was particularly hampered; as late as March 15, 1936, the Bureau had only five employees, including the director and his assistant. Field offices still took claims, developed the evidence, and sent the applications into the seven payment centers for final adjudication and certification of payment to the Treasury Department. The agency also instituted special Federal Quality Reviewer screening units and a Medical Expert Screening process to help identify cases that can be allowed without a hearing. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/pressoffice/pr/online-retirement-estimator-pr.htm. The 1972 legislation failed to hold individual recipients harmless—that is, nothing required that the state's prior level of payment be maintained. Account number problems. SSA "pioneers" recall the early days. For instance, SSA continues to determine individuals' eligibility for Medicare HI and enrolls individuals for Medicare SMI. The seven payment centers were overwhelmed during this period. In FY 1977, new hearings requests rose 23 percent, from 157,688 the prior year to 193,657 (SSA 1978a, 64). The way we were: Filing little wooden sticks. Social Security Act, (August 14, 1935), original U.S. legislation establishing a permanent national old-age pension system through employer and employee contributions; the system was later extended to include dependents, the disabled, and other groups. Additional amendments on July 18, 1952, increased benefits for the 4.6 million beneficiaries already on the rolls, and these increases had to be reflected in the September benefit checks. Additionally, a disability freeze provision4 was enacted to protect the benefit rights of disabled persons (SSA n.d. b). DDO was responsible for negotiations with the state agencies, reviewing state agency decisions on disability, making original decisions for those cases not yet covered by state agreements, establishing standards and procedures for paying the state agencies, and developing medical guides, polices, and training materials for use by both BOASI and state agency personnel. Given the poor condition of many of SSA's earliest locations, fires were an ever-present threat. As an initial step, the Commissioner in 1965 approved the establishment of branch offices under the direction of the District Office Managers (SSA n.d. b). An active public information program was instituted to reach employers and employees through trade, labor, civil, veterans', and educational organizations (Pogge 1952, 5). In response, SSA instituted a hiring freeze and shrank from 81,532 employees in 1984 to 66,000 by the end of 1988, during which the operational workloads increased 12.4 percent. Initially, automated telephone response units also allowed callers to leave open-ended messages when the call center was closed, to which agents could respond later. The workload in the first quarter of 1955 was equal to the workload for a full year in 1946 (SSA 1955c). McKenna, Hugh F. 1976. Meanwhile, regular staff and some temporary hires at 1,350 state, county, and local welfare offices were filling out the computer input forms used to convert their beneficiaries to SSI (House Ways and Means Committee 1975, 13). Commissioner Astrue directed the agency to focus on processing those claims that had been awaiting a hearing the longest, starting with those pending 1,000 days or more. SSA conducted a "retirement wave" study to predict losses and support workforce planning. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/legislation/testimony_050306.html. In the 1990s, SSA attempted to develop standardized software that could be used in all DDSs, but most states resisted; only a few locations adopted the Modernized Integrated Disability Adjudicative System (MIDAS) that SSA developed for their use. SSA decided to start the reviews early in order to maximize savings and to spread the heavy workload over a longer period (Derthick 1990, 86). Ringing bells told employees when to take their ten minute break in the morning and in the afternoon and when to go to lunch. Oral history collections: John J. Corson. The old individual ledger sheets that held individuals' earnings histories were replaced by yearly listings prepared by an electrical accounting machine using the annual summary and detail earnings punch cards. The old Executive Director's Office became the Office of the Commissioner of Social Security. an Individualized Functional Assessment for evaluating a child's impairment beyond the medical listings to parallel the vocational steps applied in adult cases and to satisfy the "comparable severity" criterion (Harmon and others 2000). The year in review: The administration of the Social Security programs—1975. These new standards included. On December 30, 1969, President Nixon signed the Federal Coal Mine Health and Safety Act, putting the Black Lung (BL) benefits program into place, effective immediately. On February 11, 2010, SSA announced the addition of 38 conditions (including early-onset Alzheimer's disease) to the list, with the consideration of other conditions to continue (SSA 2010b). Some even contacted funeral homes for information to help obtain claims for those who died after January 1, 1937 (SSA 1975b). A gradual nationwide rollout of the Quick Disability Determination process was completed in February 2008 (SSA 2007a; SSA 2008c). The strips were mechanically prepared from the actuarial punch card and manually posted on the panel, sorted by the first letter of the surname and within each letter by phonetic code, then in each code group by the first seven letters of the first name, middle initial, year and month of birth, and SSN. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/pressoffice/pr/ACSIestimator-pr.htm. The legislation also imposed a disability "megacap" offset and introduced a new way of computing SSI payments called retrospective monthly accounting (SSA n.d. b). Annual report of the Social Security Administration fiscal year 1970. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/legislation/testimony_050807.htm. ———. ———. Immediately after implementing the new standard, the rate increased to 50–60 percent. In 1935, the Social Security Board, predecessor of the Social Security Administration (SSA), started to plan the implementation of the Social Security Act. In 1976, GAO issued a report declaring that people who were no longer disabled were still receiving benefits and that SSA was not taking action to correct the situation. SSA News Release (May 20). The solution wonât be easy or simple. Everybody's a farm expert. In addition, SSA had to handle appeals for denied claims—8,000 reconsiderations and 3,800 hearings in FY 1973 (SSA 1973b, 23). SSA received an additional 1 million records by December 31, 1973, including about 700,000 new beneficiaries that states added to the rolls in the second half of 1973. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office. 2001c. 2000. A new report by AARP's Public Policy Institute, Social Security's Impact on the National Economy, found that Social Security adds over $1 trillion to the U.S. economy each year.People who receive Social Security benefits are not saving that money for a rainy day. Also at this time, responsibility for assigning employer account numbers was transferred to the Bureau of Internal Revenue (Pogge 1952, 9). OASIS 10(5): 4–5. The agency had failed to meet 10 of its 14 disability-related performance goals for FY 2001—and met none in the hearing and appeals process (SSA 2001a). ———. Baltimore, MD: SSA Bureau of Old Age and Survivors Insurance. In 1973, the centers handled a 20 percent increase in all OASDI benefits, including 4.3 million increases in widow's benefits. Ladd, Boyd, Thomas D. Scriggins, Conway J. Christianson, and John H. Moss. Under today's Social Security Act, the SSA still manages the program, workers still make contributions from their paychecks, and monthly payments are still made to those who are eligible for the following benefits. The Bureau also set up a DAO branch in Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania (Pogge 1952, 8; SSA 1952b). Oral history collections: Jack S. Futterman. Although Bureau employment grew from 18,000 in 1956 to 22,500 in 1958, ingenuity and new, more efficient processes were required to cope with the additional work (SSA 1960a, 34). IRS and SSA reconciled the wage reports against the quarterly 941 forms, which employers still filed to pay their quarterly payroll taxes. By September 28, 1951, the Flexoline contained over 129 million strips and was projected to increase at the rate of approximately 5 million per year. Support staff such as receptionists, clerical workers, and data review technicians also required computer terminals to assist in claims development and processing. The 1980s brought more legislative changes for SSA to implement, beginning with the Disability Amendments of 1980 (discussed below) and the Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981, which made major changes to Social Security, SSI, Aid to Families with Dependent Children, and other programs affecting SSA. ———. Anticipating resistance from budget monitoring authorities, SSA kept its terminal procurement request low and required support staff to share terminals. Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/medreport.html. Field offices pitched in to help the payment centers. At midyear, the Informational Service prepared the publicity campaign to encourage employers and workers to complete the application forms, but they did not plan to distribute the material until after the November 3 election. The Claims Correspondence and Control Section (later known as the Control Division) was responsible for keeping the records. Baltimore, MD: SSA, Office of Advanced Systems. BL applicants from Appalachia frequently filed for OASDI benefits as well. Social Security Administration retirement wave report: Component/regional analysis, fiscal years 2009–2018. Employees often complained of the sand fleas (SSA 1997a). Available at http://www.socialsecurity.gov/history/orghist.html. Pervading all the training was an effort to instill in each employee his or her "affirmative responsibility for carrying out the provision of the Social Security Act" (Altmeyer 1966, 53). In November 2008, the American Customer Satisfaction Index for federal Web sites ranked the new online Retirement Estimator as the best in government (SSA 2008d). By FY 1987, SSA was installing about 1,000 terminals per month. The legislation also established procedures to enroll nonbeneficiaries suffering from end-stage renal disease in Medicare (SSA 1973b, 28). 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